Physical methods Forensics in antiquity

archimedes may have used principle of buoyancy determine whether golden crown less dense solid gold.

the eureka legend told of archimedes (287–212 bc), philosopher proved crown not solid gold comparing measurements of displacement of water , weight, direct forerunner of modern forensic engineering techniques. case marks critical point when quantitative methods become vital, establishing concepts of density, buoyancy, force , equilibrium.

the first recorded example of forensic dentistry may account of agrippina, roman emperor nero s mother, sent head of enemy lollia paulina verify death. while face distorted beyond recognition, agrippina recognize distinctively colored front tooth had noticed in lollia’s mouth.

the old testament story of shibboleth, in victorious gileadites identified (and killed) vanquished ephraimites because not pronounce word shibboleth , foreshadows modern voice identification techniques.