History Anti-Romanyism

1 history

1.1 in middle ages
1.2 18th century
1.3 19th century
1.4 porajmos

history
in middle ages

a french poster depicting child being kidnapped nomads

in 13th-century byzantine records, atsínganoi mentioned wizards ... inspired satanically , pretend predict unknown . 16th century, many romani in eastern , central europe worked musicians, metal craftsmen, , soldiers. ottoman empire expanded, relegated romani, seen having no visible permanent professional affiliation , lowest rung of social ladder. in royal hungary in 16th century @ time of turkish occupation, crown developed strong anti-romani policies, people considered suspect turkish spies or fifth column. in atmosphere, expelled many locations , increasingly adopted nomadic way of life.

the first anti-romani legislation issued in march of moravia in 1538, , 3 years later, ferdinand ordered romani in realm expelled after series of fires in prague. 7 years later, diet of augsburg declared whosoever kills gypsy, guilty of no murder . in 1556, government stepped in forbid drowning of romani women , children .

in england, egyptians act 1530 banned romani entering country , required living in country leave within 16 days. failure result in confiscation of property, imprisonment , deportation. act amended egyptians act 1554, directed abandon naughty, idle , ungodly life , company , adopt settled lifestyle. failed adhere sedentary existence, privy council interpreted act permit execution of non-complying romani warning others .

18th century

in 1710, joseph i, holy roman emperor, issued edict against romani, ordering adult males hanged without trial, whereas women , young males flogged , banished forever. in addition, in kingdom of bohemia, romani men have right ears cut off; in march of moravia, left ear cut off. in other parts of austria, branded on branding iron, representing gallows. these mutilations enabled authorities identify individuals romani on second arrest. edict encouraged local officials hunt down romani in areas levying fine of 100 reichsthaler failing so. helped romani punished doing half-year s forced labor. result mass killings of romani. in 1721, charles vi amended decree include execution of adult female romani, while children put in hospitals education .

in 1774, maria theresa of austria issued edict forbidding marriages between romani. when romani woman married non-romani, had produce proof of industrious household service , familiarity catholic tenets , male rom had prove ability support wife , children , , gypsy children on age of 5 taken away , brought in non-romani families.

in 2007 romanian government established panel study 18th- , 19th-century practice of romani slavery princes, local landowners, , monasteries. slavery of romani outlawed in romanian principalities, moldavia , wallachia, around 1856.

19th century

governments regularly cited petty theft committed romani justification regulating , persecuting them. in 1899, nachrichtendienst in bezug auf die zigeuner ( intelligence service regarding gypsies ) set in munich under direction of alfred dillmann, , catalogued data on romani individuals throughout german-speaking lands. did not officially close down until 1970. results published in 1905 in dillmann s zigeuner-buch, used in following years justification porajmos. described romani people plague , menace , exclusively characterized gypsy crime trespassing , theft of food.

in united states during congressional debate in 1866 on fourteenth amendment united states constitution subsequently grant citizenship persons born within u.s. territory, objection raised consequence of enacting amendment grant citizenship gypsies , other undesirable groups.

pennsylvania senator edgar cowan stated,

...i liberal toward rights of people, unwilling, on part of state, give right claims, , may exercise, , exercise before long, of expelling number of people invade borders; owe no allegiance; pretend owe none; recognize no authority in government; have distinct, independent government of own—an imperium in imperio; pay no taxes; never perform military service; nothing, in fact, becomes citizen, , perform none of duties devolve upon him, but, on other hand, have no homes, pretend own no land, live nowhere, settle trespassers ever go, , sole merit universal swindle; delight in it, boast of it, , adroitness , cunning of such transcendent character no skill can serve correct or punish it; mean gypsies. wander in gangs in state... these people live in country , born in country. infest society.

in response senator john conness of california observed,

i have lived in united states many year, , have heard more gypsies within last 2 or 3 months have heard before in life. cannot because have increased of late. cannot because have been felt particularly oppressive in or locality. must gypsy element added our political agitation, hereafter negro alone shall not claim our entire attention.

porajmos

german nazi deportation of sinti , roma asperg, 1940

persecution of romani people reached peak during world war ii in porajmos (literally, devouring), descriptive neologism nazi genocide of romanis during holocaust. because romani communities of eastern europe less organized jewish communities, more difficult assess actual number of victims. historians estimate 220,000 500,000 romani killed nazis , collaborators, or more 25% of fewer 1 million roma in europe @ time.

nazi racial ideology put romani, jews , blacks @ bottom of racial scale. german nuremberg laws of 1935 stripped jews of citizenship, confiscated property , criminalized sexual relationship , marriage aryans. these laws extended romani , afro-germans. nazi policy towards roma complicated pseudohistoric racialist theories, contradictory. while considered roma grossly inferior, believed roma people had distant aryan roots had been corrupted. nomadic roma, example bohemian roma, considered more degenerate settled roma, , persecution more intense.

in protectorate of bohemia , moravia, nazi genocide of romani thorough exterminated majority of bohemian romani speakers, leading language s extinction in 1970 death of last known speaker, hana Šebková. in denmark, greece , small number of other countries, resistance native population thwarted planned nazi deportations , extermination of romani. in conquered countries (e.g., baltic states), local cooperation nazis expediated murder of local romani. in croatia, croatian collaborators of ustaše, vicious minor remnant of croatian romani (and jews) survived killings.

in 1982, west germany formally recognized genocide had been committed against romani. before had claimed that, unlike jews, roma , sinti not targeted racial reasons, criminal reasons, invoking antiziganist stereotype. in modern holocaust scholarship porajmos has been increasingly recognized genocide committed simultaneously shoah.