20th century History of geography




1 20th century

1.1 environmental determinism
1.2 regional geography
1.3 quantitative revolution
1.4 critical geography





20th century

in west during second half of 19th , 20th century, discipline of geography went through 4 major phases: environmental determinism, regional geography, quantitative revolution, , critical geography.


environmental determinism

environmental determinism theory people s physical, mental , moral habits directly due influence of natural environment. prominent environmental determinists included carl ritter, ellen churchill semple, , ellsworth huntington. popular hypotheses included heat makes inhabitants of tropics lazy , frequent changes in barometric pressure make inhabitants of temperate latitudes more intellectually agile. environmental determinist geographers attempted make study of such influences scientific. around 1930s, school of thought repudiated lacking basis , being prone (often bigoted) generalizations. environmental determinism remains embarrassment many contemporary geographers, , leads skepticism among many of them of claims of environmental influence on culture (such theories of jared diamond).


regional geography

regional geography coined group of geographers known possibilists , represented reaffirmation proper topic of geography study of places (regions). regional geographers focused on collection of descriptive information places, proper methods dividing earth regions. well-known names these period alfred hettner in germany , paul vidal de la blache in france. philosophical basis of field in united states laid out richard hartshorne, defined geography study of areal differentiation, later led criticism of approach overly descriptive , unscientific.


however, concept of regional geography model focused on area studies has remained incredibly popular amongst students of geography, while less amongst scholars proponents of critical geography , reject regional geography paradigm. can argued regional geography, during heyday in 1970s through 1990s made substantive contributions students , readers understanding of foreign cultures , real world effects of delineation of borders, due revival in academia in popular nonfiction.


the quantitative revolution

the quantitative revolution in geography began in 1950s. geographers formulated geographical theories , subjected theories empirical tests, using statistical methods (especially hypothesis testing). quantitative revolution laid groundwork development of geographic information systems. well-known geographers period fred k. schaefer, waldo tobler, william garrison, peter haggett, richard j. chorley, william bunge, edward augustus ackerman , torsten hägerstrand.


critical geography

though positivist approaches remain important in geography, critical geography arose critique of positivism. first strain of critical geography emerge humanistic geography. drawing on philosophies of existentialism , phenomenology, humanistic geographers (such yi-fu tuan) focused on people s sense of, , relationship with, places. more influential marxist geography, applied social theories of karl marx , followers geographic phenomena. david harvey , richard peet well-known marxist geographers. feminist geography is, name suggests, use of ideas feminism in geographic contexts. recent strain of critical geography postmodernist geography, employs ideas of postmodernist , poststructuralist theorists explore social construction of spatial relations.







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