History Vladimir, Russia

1 history

1.1 foundation date controversy
1.2 golden age
1.3 decline
1.4 soviet period

history

vladimir 1 of medieval capitals of russia, significant buildings surviving 12th century. 2 of russian orthodox cathedrals, monastery, , associated buildings have been designated among white monuments of vladimir , suzdal, unesco world heritage site. in past, city known vladimir-on-klyazma (Владимир-на-Клязьме) , vladimir-zalessky (Владимир-Залесский), distinguish vladimir in volhynia (modern ukraine).

foundation date controversy

17th century map

traditionally, founding date of vladimir has been acknowledged 1108, first mention of vladimir in primary chronicle appears under year. view attributes founding of city, , name, vladimir monomakh, inherited region part of rostov-suzdal principality in 1093. named there volodymyr. on 17th centuries maps, identified wolodimer, while region volodimer. being established long after city of volodymyr in volhynia, named vladimir-on-klyazma. in 1958, 850th anniversary of city foundation celebrated, many monuments celebrations adorning city.

in 1990s, new opinion developed city older this. scholars reinterpreted passages in hypatian codex, mentions region visited vladimir great, father of russian orthodoxy, in 990, move city foundation date year. defenders of uncontested founding year of 1108 dispute claims of support new date, arguing new theory fabricated in order provide reason have celebration in 1995.

the neighboring town of suzdal, instance, mentioned in 1024. 12th-century inhabitants alluded vladimir young town , treated rulers arrogance. in words of major chronicle, said people of vladimir kholops , scions . in seniority conflicts of 12th , 13th centuries, vladimir repeatedly described young town compared suzdal , rostov. nevertheless, charter of vladimir, basic law of city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 date of city s foundation.

golden age

the city s historically significant events occurred after turn of 12th century. serving original purpose defensive outpost rostov-suzdal principality, vladimir had little political or military influence throughout reign of vladimir monomakh (1113–1125), or son yury dolgoruky ( far-reaching ) (1154–1157).

dormition cathedral venerated model cathedrals on russia



st. demetrius cathedral, shown on 1912 photo, famous masterfully carved exterior, representing biblical story of king david.

under dolgoruky s son, andrey bogolyubsky (1157–1175) (also known andrew pious), city became center of vladimir-suzdal principality. had golden age, lasted until mongol invasion of rus in 1237. during time, vladimir enjoyed immense growth , prosperity. andrey oversaw building of city s golden gates , dormition cathedral. in 1164, andrey attempted establish new metropolitanate in vladimir, separate of kiev. rebuffed patriarch of constantinople.

scores of russian, german, , georgian masons worked on vladimir s white stone cathedrals, monastery, towers, , palaces. unlike other northern buildings, exterior elaborately carved high relief stone sculptures. 3 of these edifices stand today: dormition cathedral, cathedral of saint demetrius, , golden gate. included among white monuments of vladimir , suzdal, designated unesco world heritage site. during andrey s reign, royal palace in bogolyubovo built, world-famous church of intercession on nerl, considered 1 of jewels of ancient russian architecture. andrey assassinated @ palace @ bogolyubovo in 1175.

decline

drawing of mongols of golden horde outside vladimir presumably demanding submission before sacking city

vladimir besieged mongol-tatars of golden horde under batu khan. overrun on february 8, 1238. great fire destroyed thirty-two limestone buildings on first day alone, while grand prince s family perished in church sought refuge flames. grand prince escaped, killed @ battle of sit river following month.

after mongols, vladimir never recovered. important rus prince (usually prince of moscow, tver or principality) styled grand prince of vladimir, title had become honorific symbol of majesty. 1299 1325, city seat of metropolitans of kiev , rus , until metropolitan peter moved see moscow in 1325.

the grand princes of vladimir crowned in vladimir s assumption cathedral, when moscow superseded vladimir in 14th century seat of grand prince, assumption cathedral in moscow kremlin became site of coronation. moscow cathedral loosely copied italian architect aristotele fioravanti vladimir s original.

after rise of moscow, grand princes of moscow continued build several new churches in vladimir. notable examples include annunciation church @ snovitsy (ca. 1501), 3 kilometers northwest of city, , church in knyaginin nunnery (ca. 1505), today includes murals dating 1648.

a view of vladimir in 1911

remains of prince-saint alexander nevsky kept in ancient nativity abbey of vladimir until 1703, when peter great had them transferred monastery (now lavra) of aleksandr nevsky in st. petersburg. nativity church (built in 1191–1196) collapsed several years later, after workmen tried fashion more windows in walls in effort brighten interior.

in years 1838-1840, alexander herzen exiled in vladimir, passing through city infamous vladimirka .

in 14 june 1861, moscow-vladimir moscow-nizhny novgorod railway began operate.

since december 1858 city began operate telegraph.

in 1866 construction of running water supply completed, telephone lines being put in 1887 , on december 5, 1908 first electrical power lines.

in november 29, 1898 vladimir provincial scientific archival commission established.

soviet period

after establishment of soviet power, many streets renamed in vladimir; of parish churches closed , condemned demolished.

however, in first decades of soviet rule industrialization occurred in vladimir. on january 14, 1929, city became part of newly formed ivanovo industrial oblast.

on august 14, 1944, vladimir became administrative center of region. in 1950 basis of teachers institute vladimir pedagogical institute created. on november 5, 1952 first trolleybus line began operate in city.

in 1958 vladimir-suzdal historical -architectural , art museum-reserve created, composed of group of unique architectural monuments of russian defense , church architecture, located in 3 cities - vladimir, suzdal , gus-khrustalny, villages of bogolyubovo , kideksha.

architecture of soviet period represented such structures building complexes , polytechnic colleges, torpedo stadia (built 1952), reinforced concrete arch bridge on river klyaz ma (1960), hotel vladimir (1956), drama theatre (1971) , others. in 1971 city awarded order of red banner of labor.